Chronic Effects of Different Intensities of Interval Training on Hemodynamic, Autonomic and Cardiorespiratory Variables of Physically Active Elderly People.

Interval training (IT) is a very efficient method. We aimed to verify the chronic effects of IT with different intensities on hemodynamic, autonomic and cardiorespiratory variables in the elderly. Twenty-four physically active elderly men participated in the study and were randomized into three groups: Training Group A (TGA, n = 8), Training Group B (TGB, n = 8) and control group (CG, n = 8). The TGA and TGB groups performed 32 sessions (48 h interval). TGA presented 4 min (55 to 60% of HRmax) and 1 min (70 to 75% of HRmax). The TGB training groups performed the same protocol, but performed 4 min at 45 to 50% HRmax and 1 min at 60 to 65% HRmax. Both training groups performed each set six times, totaling 30 min per session. Assessments were performed pre (baseline) after the 16th and 32nd intervention session. The CG performed only assessments. Hemodynamic, autonomic and cardiorespiratory (estimated VO2max) variables were evaluated. There were no significant differences between protocols and times (p > 0.05). However, the effect size and percentage delta indicated positive clinical outcomes, indicating favorable responses of IT. IT may be a strategy to improve hemodynamic, autonomic and cardiorespiratory behavior in healthy elderly people.

Chronic Effects of Different Types of Neuromuscular Training on Hemodynamic Responses Estimated VO2max, and Walking Performance in Older People.

This paper investigated the effects over time of different forms of neuromuscular training on hemodynamic responses, the estimated VO2max, and walking performance. 105 older adults were randomly organized into three groups: RGA, RGB, and the Control Group (CG). RGA and RGB did 4 weeks of adaptation phase training and 12 weeks of intervention with different loads: moderate loads for RGB. and higher loads for RGA. A pre- and post-evaluation of the resting heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), double product (DP), estimated VO2max, and walking performance were assessed. Significant differences were observed for SBP, DBP, HR, and DP. For SBP, a post-evaluation reduction was observed only in RGA (p = 0.007) and when comparing RGA with the Control Group (p < 0.000). For the absolute VO2max, a significant improvement was seen in RGB compared to RGA (p = 0.037) and CG (p < 0.000). For the relative VO2max, RGB scored significantly higher than RGA (p < 0.000) and CG (p < 0.000), post-intervention. For the walk test, a significant reduction in completion times was observed for RGA (p = 0.027) and RGB (p < 0.000), and for RGB compared to RGA (p = 0.000) and CG (p < 0.000). Resistance training can be an excellent strategy for hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory improvement in the elderly.

Physical Exercise and Immune System in the Elderly: Implications and Importance in COVID-19 Pandemic Period.

Physical exercise is seen as the main ally for health promotion, preventing and protecting the organism from several diseases. According to WHO, there is a tendency of constant growth in the elderly population in the coming years. The regular practice of exercises by the elderly becomes relevant to minimize the deleterious effects of the aging process and to increase the fitness index. Recently, the world population started a confrontation against Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19), which is the most significant public health challenge globally. Although social isolation is a reasonable measure in an attempt to stop contamination by COVID-19, this measure has limited the ability of individuals to exercise outdoors or in gyms and health clubs, which increased the risk of developing chronic illnesses related to a sedentary lifestyle. The critical point is that the recent recommendations on exercise prescription to combat the potentially harmful effects of COVID-19 failure to adequately address resistance exercise interventions as home-based exercise strategy. Thus, in this paper, we discussed the physical exercise as medicine if the training status is enough to protect the elderly against COVID-19 infection, about the role of physical activity on immunosuppression. Possible risks for COVID-19 infection, and the old training methods, such as no-load resistance training as possible resistance exercise strategies and high-intensity interval training, as new proposals of home-based exercise interventions, could perform during the current COVID-19 pandemic.

Effects of Cardiovascular Interval Training in Healthy Elderly Subjects: A Systematic Review.

The aim of this review is to demonstrate the effects of cardiovascular interval training (IT) on healthy elderly subjects. We used the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The following variables were observed: resting heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MBP), heart rate variability (HRV), baroreflex activity (BA), and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Studies were searched for in the MedLine, PubMed, and Sport Discus databases considering publications between 1990 and 2019. To find the studies, the keywords used were "Interval and Elderly Training" or "Interval Training and Baroreflex Sensing" or "Interval Training and Aging and Pressure Arterial and Blood Pressure Training" or "Interval Training and Variation in Aging and Heart Rate" or "Interval Training and Sensitivity to the Elderly and Baroreflex" or "Interval Training and Variability in the Elderly and Heart Rate." The systematic search identified 1,140 hits. The analysis of the study was performed through a critical review of the content. One thousand one hundred forty articles were identified. Of these, 1,108 articles were excluded by checking the articles and abstracts. Finally, 32 studies were selected for full reading while 26 studies were eliminated because they did not contain a methodology according to the purpose of this review. Thus, six studies were included for the final analysis. The PEDro score was used for analyzing the study quality and found 4,8 ± 1,3 points (range: 3-6). Positive results were found with the different IT protocols in the observed variables. Results show that IT protocols can be an efficient method for functional improvement of cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory variables in the healthy elderly, especially HR, SBP, DBP, MAP, HRV, BA, and VO2max. However, this method can be included in the prescription of aerobic training for the elderly to obtain conditional improvements in the cardiovascular system, thus being an important clinical intervention for the public.

A influência de diferentes recuperações entre as séries no treinamento de força / The influence of different recuperations between sets in resistance exercises

O objetivo foi verificar a influência de diferentes formas de recuperações entre séries no desempenho das repetições e percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE). Quatorze homens (20,61 ± 3,01 anos; 73,72 ± 6,03 kg; 175,08 ± 5,25 cm; 24,08 ± 2,1 kg/m²) realizaram teste e reteste de 10RM no supino horizontal em dias não consecutivos. Foram executadas quatro séries no supino horizontal para 10RM com intervalo de dois minutos e com diferentes procedimentos de recuperação: passivo e ativo (movimentos cadenciados similares à execução do supino horizontal). A ANOVA one-way demonstrou que para as duas recuperações, reduções progressivas ocorreram no número de repetições (1a < 2a < 3a < 4a série). Não foram observadas diferenças nas repetições entre recuperações tanto, em cada série, como para o número total de repetições na recuperação passiva (25,83 ± 5,51repetições) e na recuperação ativa (27,58 ± 3,75 repetições). Para a PSE verificada antes e após a execução das séries, ocorreram elevações a partir da terceira série para ambas as recuperações. Maiores valores da PSE para a recuperação ativa comparada com a recuperação passiva foram observados na quarta série. Concluímos que não ocorreram diferenças entre os protocolos de recuperação, porém com maior fadiga para a recuperação ativa.

Our aim was to verify the influence of different rest protocols between sets for the number of repetitions and perceived effort scale (PES). Fourteen trained men (20.61 ± 3.01 years; 73.72 ± 6.03 kg; 175.08 ± 5.25 cm; IMC = 24.08 ± 2.1 kg/m²) performed tests and retest of 10RM on the bench press in non-consecutive days. Subjects performed four sets of 10RM on bench press with two minute rest interval between sets, and two distinct rest procedures: passive and active recovery (cadenced movements similar to the bench press). The ANOVA one way demonstrated that for both recuperations, progressive reductions occurred on the number of repetitions (1a < 2a < 3a < 4a sets). No differences were shown between both rest protocols for each set, as well for the total number of repetitions on passive (25.83 ± 5.51repetitions) and active recovery (27.58 ± 3.75 repetitions). For the PES obtained before and after each set, significant elevations occurred from the third set for both recuperations. Higher values of PES for active recovery compared to passive recovery were shown on the fourth set. We concluded that no significant differences occurred between the recoveries protocols, although, higher values of effort were perceived at the active recovery.